The Spotted Owl, the Forests Products Industry, and the...

The Spotted Owl, the Forests Products Industry, and the Public Policy I. Introduction A. The Spotted Owl B. Logging Industry II. Conflicts of Interest A. Economic needs 1.Unemployment B. Preservation Needs 1.Endangered Species Act 2.Special Interest Groups III. Resolutions A. Possible Solutions B. Eventual Outcome 1. Loss of Interest a. Other Species Demand Attention 2. Migration 3. Repopulation Abstract The spotted owl was seen as a symbol of all things environmental during the late 1980s and early 1990s. The logging industry was well on its way to destroying most of the old growth forests of the Pacific Northwest. Environmentalists swarmed the area, sabotaging logging efforts and calling†¦show more content†¦Many people have wondered why this insignificant owl gets more press than the decimation of salmon streams nationwide, when it would have no economic impact on our society as a whole. The logging industry has made millions of dollars from the harvesting of old growth lumber over the past several decades. Recently, they have become more responsible about clear-cut logging. Harvested forests are often replanted to provide for future wildlife habitat and logging efforts. However, this doesnt help the spotted owl. It needs old growth forests with their tangle of massive trees and thick dense brush. The logging industry is threatened by this small owl. Thousands of jobs have been lost. Families are starving. Lumber prices have skyrocketed. So this sets up a struggle. Loggers need the lumber for economic prosperity. Environmentalists want to protect this owl. How will both parties win? Can both parties win? There are many issues that arise out of this conflict. The public needs cost efficient lumber. The loggers need their jobs. The spotted owl needs a home. One of the largest concerns, dealing with the spotted owl / forest industry debate, is the loss of jobs. There were 21,000 jobs lost during the time that this debate took place (Ross, 1999). The amount of job losses in the logging and milling industry at this time were not solely attributed to the spotted owl controversy. The downward trend in the timber harvest

Politics Free Essays

string(123) " Here we may firmly assert that the media failed to serve the public in way of representing vital and burning information\." Nowadays mass media plays significant role within the society structure and has grand influence on its development. Media already is tightly intervened with all the spheres of our everyday life. It is generally accepted that the press form public opinion and understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Media also has the power to shape even the country’s policy. Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Paul Waldman examine all these burning questions and give even more information in their book â€Å"The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists and the Stories that Shape the Political World†. Their central thesis is that the stories the press tells are shaped not by a â€Å"liberal agenda† or a â€Å"right wing conspiracy† but rather by the desire, even pressure, to cast the news in a dramatic, easily packaged form. Jamieson and Waldman produce an incisive analysis of political media coverage, and how the press and the people both fail to think critically about one of the most important components of our political process – politicized media. â€Å"The Press Effect† makes a nonpartisan, well-documented, and very persuasive case that the mainstream media doesn’t so much report the news as create it. Focusing mostly on the 2000 presidential campaign and its aftermath, and on coverage of 9/11, the book also touches on historical issues and their presentation as well. Wide-ranging and accessible, â€Å"The Press Effect† is a must for news junkies and political buffs, and an excellent addition to any journalism, social studies, or government classroom. To illustrate more vividly the events the authors represent numerous recent examples, from media participation in spreading fabrications during the election campaign to the weight of journalists on the outcome of the 2000 presidential election in the United States. Too often, authors argue, reporters merely analyze the strategies used by the opposing instead of sorting out the facts behind the issues. While acknowledging that the truth can be indefinable and very subtle, the authors cite a few exemplary cases of journalistic truthfulness and reliability and fact-finding. This important book, makes obvious the fact that media misrepresentation is far too complex and subtle to be explained by mere liberal or conservative bias, belongs in all journalism collections. The authors of â€Å"The Press Effect† suggests that the media frames issues and political figures in a way that their future stories on the matters or subjects will tend to fit neatly inside the predetermined scene. In view of the fact that the media is a follow-the-leader game, once a frame takes hold it doesn’t let go very easily. Jamieson and Waldman utilize this speculation mainly to explore the 2000 Election between Gore and Bush. Unfortunately, there are simply no trustworthy ways of establishing definite effects of media products on public, opinions, attitudes or behavior. There are few credible analyses of how different media events, or the outcomes of particular media organizations, produced particular perceptions in media audiences. Taking into consideration the conformity between media representations and public opinion considered within the work â€Å"The Press Effect† puts an interesting question and not an answer. All in all, the title of the work is rather bold, for it speaks for itself and highlights how important the press is in shaping not only politics but also the society structure. But, apteral, it is not very understandable who is telling these â€Å"stories† that actually shape the political world and who in point of fact are the authors of them, or where they come from. Authors of this work also represent a critique of the media’s deep inclination for close psychological examination of foremost celebrities. In addition they review in brief some techniques of media effects research that are being used throughout the media world, at the same time emphasizing their confines and flaws. They pay attention to the fact what qualities a story should possess to influence strongly the public opinion. But what they are describing is better viewed as connections, mediated in both directions through political characters, representatives of press and public, rather than as direct causal effects. Yet Jamieson and Waldman do try to build up a more detailed approach. They combine critiques of media content with analysis of political rhetorical strategies, including opinion and survey data, thus the authors build up a persuasive and disturbing illustration of media unfairness and of  failure to tell the full story. In other words they what to communicate to the reader that not always the media is a liable source of getting true information. Nevertheless, throughout the book the authors make references to praiseworthy exceptions and admit that there are still many professionals  whose commitment to truth is undisputable. But we should mark that the prevailing idea of Jamieson and Waldman’s study is to raise deep concern about the state of health of American journalism. Jamieson and Waldman outline six critical and very essential functions that the media and the press in particular perform in American society: storyteller, amateur psychologist, soothsayer, and shaper of events, patriot, and custodian of fact. In a function of a storyteller driving by the natural desire to tell a consistent story, journalists have a natural inclination to omit information that is somehow at odds with the general scene. For example, social scientists tell that the media circles create a particular outline or a frame for an event or a person, and all the data that does not comply with this frame is very often tends to be neglected. As an example we make take the following fact from the analyzed book. During the 2000 election course Gore was represented, as a liar so any report he made that could not be verified at once was believed to be a misrepresentation. Bush on the other hand appeared as an intellectually challenged person with a lack of knowledge. Consequently, we seethe confirmation to the statements relayed within the â€Å"Press Effect† the media can easily shape the character either true or misinterpreted but it is immediately is believed by the public and it is very difficult to change that formed image. Here we may firmly assert that the media failed to serve the public in way of representing vital and burning information. You read "Politics" in category "Essay examples" As the Amateur Psychologist the media makes sometimes a monkey business. Rather than examining essential facts and characters the press instead analyzes the motives and strategies of moves made by a political figure sometimes irrelevant to the moment. The result is that an emphasis is made not on issues of importance, but on questions of technique and strategy. Very often the media seizes such facts as what one particular figure is wearing and how it moves rather than the aim he is trying to achieve. Even today, if one political figure announces a new program or political agenda, the mass media is inclined to focus its attention on analyzing why he chooses this particular moment to make the announcement rather than to analyze the suggestion itself. Again we wee that the authors try to communicate to us that the media fails to serve the public especially when it attempts to attribute motives to politicians instead of analyzing their proceedings and their policies. Taking into consideration the function of a custodian of fact imputed to the media it is important to say that it is a natural task of the mass media to explain or even uncover the data, hypothesis, and calculations behind declarations made by political figures in an election or officials in their offices. The media again fails to serve in relaying information to the public when it accepts the basically prejudiced accounts of a political actor and transfers them to the public without challenge. The authors put the question whether it is a fault of media in its unsuccessfulness. In fact, it is the blunder of all three participants within the structure of political system: politicians, mass media, and the electorate. Jamieson and Waldman conclude by stating, â€Å"We believe that if democracy is to thrive, holding journalists to the highest standards is not only reasonable but essential†. It has been observed on many occasions that we â€Å"get the government we deserve†, Jamieson and Waldman make a strong statement that we â€Å"get the media we deserve† as well. The key concept within the work is â€Å"framing,† which seeks to define what aspects of particular stories are given weight in their telling in the media. Analyzing print and broadcast media on a series of  issues over elections 2000, the authors reveal how story may shape the whole attitude of the public. Media coverage of the 2000 presidential election campaign is often said to have assumed the outline of Gore-as-liar and Bush-as-stupid. In part, it is attributed to the media’s need for personality profiling. In describing how the media treated recent political chapters, Jamieson and Waldman are being neither exceptional nor exceptionable. Jamieson and Waldman observe, reasonably, that the press highlights political strategy over policy and also how and why, rather than the what and who. But they are on icy ground when they claim that the responsibility of the press is to determine whose claims were correct. Policies, and any judgments on them, are matters of interpretation rather than statements of fact. The authors are definitely correct to say that media representatives play an essential role in serving the public make sense of policy choices, but that may as often involve judgments on motivation as arbitrations on fact. Telling stories is a bulky part of how we cooperate and how we make sense of things. It is rather significant to take into consideration the specific role of the press and to measure its performance against stated standards. It is a different thing to dispute that the press is the strongest linkage in the story-generating chain or to argue that it is deviating from its primary responsibility in telling stories or to argue that it accommodates too comfortably to the politically dominant story-frames. Jamieson and Waldman are ambitious and daring in seeking to argue all of these schemes, and even more. In addition, they offer much helpful evidence that others will want to scrutinize too. But, on balance, their case is unproven. As to investigate the issue further we should say that one of the most troublesome things about journalism nowadays is how normally and regularly lies and misrepresentations broadcasted on all sides of the political scale. To a great extent, this is the fault of journalists, whose primary job is or has to be to find out and report the truth about the most important issues of the day. Democracy is not supposed to function in well-organized manner if the public is constantly misinformed. Simply giving account of few opposing views also does not help the public find out the truth. There is general tendency that truth telling has to be rewarded and deception has to be punished. Unfortunately, this is not happening now, it is just the goal we are trying to achieve. The task of a real journalist is not to repeat the â€Å"spin† but to find the truth of the particular event and communicate it to public. Here we are bound to cite the authors of the â€Å"Press Effect† â€Å"Reporters should help the public make sense of competing political arguments by defining terms, filling in needed information, assessing the accuracy of the evidence being offered, and relating the claims and counterclaims to the probable impact of the proposed policies on citizens and the country†. Undoubtedly this is the hard work to do. It is much easier to make emphasis on the horse race and characters than to give a definite account and analytical information on the subject. Concluding we may say that this book can be of use not only for amateur readers but also for all journalists and concerned citizens. It gives an interesting and new approach to the problem of mass media truthfulness. It makes one think it over again about the facts we see on the TV, read in newspapers and listen over the radio. It gives the food for meditation over the fact whether we should rely completely on the media sources. â€Å"Press Effect† is the right book for those readers who are just entering the subject of media and are freshmen to the topic. In â€Å"The Press Effect†, Jamieson and Waldman carefully document the interaction between politicians or other political actors, such as press secretaries or campaign consultants and the media in the process of building up an overall message that is supposed to be communicated to the public. From the first sight it may probably come to one’s surprise that the media have actually failed in their task to both politicians and the public. But why and how it is still for us to decide. In this scrupulously researched and documented work Jamieson and Waldman have represented a chain of problems that come about when the media let down the public. The most noticeable and evident effects of this malfunction embrace cynicism about political figures in general, distrust of the government, doubt in the objectivity of journalists, and actually overall voter indifference. In about 200 pages of prose Jamieson and Waldman describe the causes, history, and consequences of the mass media’s failures, including well-documented and unbiased examples. Jamieson and Waldman show that when political campaigns evade or reject to engage the facts of the opposing side, the press often fails to step into the void with the information citizens require to make sense of. â€Å"The Press Effect† is, ultimately, a wide-ranging critique of the press’s role in mediating between politicians and the citizens they are supposed to serve. Reference Brian Trench, reviewed. The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories That Shape the Political World by Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Paul Waldman. Logos. Spring 2003 Eytan, Gilboa. Media and Conflict: Framing Issues, Making Policy, Shaping Opinions. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Pub Inc: 2002. World In Crisis, Media In Conflict. Database on www.mediachannel.org.   (last accessed February 13, 2006) How to cite Politics, Essay examples Politics Free Essays Our country is challenged with quite a lot of political, economic and social problems at this time. The most controversial on televisions and in actual life is the political issues for it consist with well-known giant names in the republic. The politics of our country is occasioned in an organized framework of presidential, representative and democratic republic whereby the president is both the head of the state and the head of the government. We will write a custom essay sample on Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Philippine political system revolves around three separate ND sovereign yet interdependent branches, the legislative branch, the executive branch and the Judicial branch. I salute the framework for I believed that if and only if these positions are filled up by a competent, intelligent and a good-hearted Filipino leader, the Philippine Politics might be one of the world listed excellent political system. The political system itself is already good, I think it is Just the position- holders who ruins the system. If I were to describe Philippine politics, I would express my description through the words hot, double-standard and personal. Philippine politics is hot. I say hot for it is always heard over radios, it is always flashed throughout televisions, it is always read around newspapers here and there and everywhere. Though sometimes it is Just a waste of films and inks for now and again, political ads and news are Just in favor of a particular party, bias with a particular politician and Just making opponent politicians evil in the eye of the public. Politics is double standard. Laws, policies and regulations in the Philippines are affected personally by politicians. I mean the political law-makers make laws in favor of themselves, of their businesses, of their family and co-leagues. Some established laws also are always abided by some, and some can Just ignore some laws. It is double standard, for the powerful ones can Just ignore and escape through the laws, and the poor and weak people are strictly watched out of the laws. Politics is personal. Yes, I say it is personal for some politicians do projects and ordinance that benefit them. They do it for their own progress and for their own sake. They also aka Politics personal for they work name-to-name, it is not what you know, it is whom you know that will make you stay in the political system. To sum up, I say that the Pearl of the Oceans’ Political System is already well established, and Filipinos are blessed to have this excellent system. Now, it is our choice to make it for better or for worst. This is a lesson for us to scrutinize and think very well whom to trust during elections. We should choose the good politicians who match with our good political system. P How to cite Politics, Papers

Planning Of Audit And Risk Analysis Pharma-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Planning Of Audit And Risk Analysis Pharma? Answer: Introducation Accounting is the activity which records the transaction of businesses on daily basis and results are reported to the management of the company at the regular intervals. Auditing is an activity through which the books of accounts are checked and verified by the independent third parties appointed by the company and is known by the name of auditors of the company. Auditors are required to plan their audit first depending upon the nature of the business of the company and the size of the company. For the purpose of this report, Company Mayne Pharma Limited has been selected for the study. In this report, at first the understanding of the business of the client has been discussed and how they are performing their functions. In the second section, regulations and the rules that the pharmaceutical companies are required to comply with have been detailed. In the third section, annual report of the company for the financial year ending two thousand sixteen has been discussed in relation to the changes made in each item of the balance sheet and profit and loss account. After that the risk associated with the business identified and the going concern assumptions are verified. At the last the reference has been made to the concept of social responsibility as to how the company has been performing the same. With this the study has ended up with the conclusions. Understanding Of Clients Buisness The beginning of every audit starts with the understanding of the business of the company as to how the companys main business activities and how does it functions. As per the recent introduction of the auditing standard number 315 which states through the paragraph number eleven that the auditor shall have the understanding of the nature of business of the prospective client before proceeding to the conduct of an audit. In the given case following are the understandings that has been obtained from the Mayne Pharma group limited annual report (AASB, 2006). Business Operations The company is the public limited company and listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The main focus on the companys business is for supplying or transporting the medicines or the drugs at the place where it is required. In other words, the main business of the company is to deliver the medicines from the place of the manufacture to the place where it will be consumed. The company delivers not only the branded medicines but also the non - branded or the generic medicines across the globe. The second major business activity is to provide the development of contract thereby manufacturing the drugs or the medicines for others. The company has the distributors across different parts of the World including Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. Therefore, the company is into the process of developing, manufacturing, marketing and distributing the products in United States of America. In case of the specialty brands, the company is engaged into the business of the marketing and distri buting only of the products in the United States of America. The company has the record of the last thirty years for the development of the innovative ideas and new technologies which had helped the patients to have the affordable medicines and also have developed the new oral drug delivery system. Thus, the company is engaged in developing, manufacturing, marketing and distribution of the medicines across the World (Singh, 2017 Ullah, 2014). Industry In Which It Operates The company is operating in the pharmaceutical sector. In this sector, all the companies which manufacture the drugs, medicines and thereby marketing and selling will be covered. Whenever any comparison is made, then for the purpose of the benchmarking the strong performer will be selected from the same industry and then comparison is made. The need for determining the industry is correct in the sense that the industry data will provide whether the functions as performed by the particular company is as per the industry current market conditions and the norms. In this way industry defining is very essential and the company is engaged in the pharmaceuticals sector. Regulations For Pharmaceutical Goods The pharmaceutical companies are managed by the department of health, Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia. From time to time they are bringing the arrangements as to how the pharmaceutical goods are required to be controlled and managed. Following are the regulations as prescribed by the Australian Government for pharmaceutical goods: Labeling and Packing - The Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia has defined the labeling and packaging guidelines as to how the pharmaceuticals shall be labeled and packed. The department has issued two orders for labeling and packing which is required to be fulfilled by the companies. One is for the prescription medicines issued under order number 91 and the other is for the non prescription medicines issued under order number 90. Some of the common rules and regulations includes like the labels should be clearly pasted in order to enhance the safety of the consumers, providing the dial dispense packing wherever required so as to enable the customer to identify the number of the dosages available in the pack, etc. Efficacy It means that the medicine of the drug that will be given to the patients will be effective for them rather than being an ineffective medicine. The companies have to mention while licensing the new product as to how the medicine will be effective and up to what percentage the same will be effective. It is because as per the common parlance no medicine will provide hundred percent results but the medicine should be like that which will in definite terms meets the criteria of the disease. Safety Norms The companies are required to satisfy the safety norms as defined by the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia. It states that the company shall produce the medicine which will be effective and that will not in any case carries the side effects or any other type of risks which can be harmful to the patients. The safety norms are tested clinically and then only approval for listing of the medicine for further manufacture and sale will be made available (DOI Australia, 2016; TGA, 2017). Advertising and Business Promotion The companies though in other countries are allowed to do the advertising and marketing of their medicines to health professionals and to the patients but in actual the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia has specified that the company shall not be allowed to do the advertising in the following cases: The advertisement so decided to be made is misleading Will create negative impact in the future in case the medicine works out as non effectives The advertising is totally unreliable where the company is making unnecessary claims like if by having this medicine the headache will be gone definitely with hundred percent otherwise the whole amount will be refunded. Wrong advertising will always lead to the material risks to the life of the public and therefore the company is required to follow all the rules and regulations as defined by the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia. Financial Statements Analysis The financial statement consists of the three statements. One is the statement of the balance sheet which helps in determining the financial position of the company as on that date. Second is the statement of the Profit and Loss which provides the financial performance that the company has gained over the years and lastly is the statement of cash flows which provides the detail of the cash inflows and cash outflows that the company has made during the year and helps in determining as to how much has been cash and cash equivalents increased or decreased during the year. In the following table, the changes in the major items of the financial statements of the company for the last two years have been mentioned. Balance Sheet Balance sheet is statement which shows how much the company owes from another person or how much the company owes to the particular liabilities (Company Official Website, 2017). BALANCE SHEET (In '000 dollars) S. No. Particulars 2016 2015 Increase / (Decrease) 1 Trade and Other Receivables 123716 64657 59059 2 Other Current Assets 887653 5333 882320 3 Trade and Other Payables 1020553 59980 960573 4 Interest bearing loans 76331 61756 14575 From the above table, the following has been inferred: Trade and other receivables have been considerably increased by $59059 thousands which represent approximately 95 percent of the value of the trade and other receivable for the year 2015. The other current assets have been increased by $882320 thousand which is basically increased by the recognition of contracts rights that has been arisen in relation to the transaction made with Teva Pharmaceuticals Limited. Reason for selecting the trade payables is that it has been considerably increased by $960573 thousand. The interest bearing loan has been increased by $14575 thousand and it depicts that the company has been using the banking facilities. Profit And Loss Profit and loss statement provided the details as how the company has performed over the last two years. PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT (In '000 dollars) S. No. Particulars 2016 2015 Increase / (Decrease) 1 SALE OF GOODS 206629 96316 110313 2 RD Expense 8731 5588 3143 3 Marketing and Distribution 38029 17549 20480 4 Finance Expense 2494 5945 (3451) From the above table, the following has been inferred: At first the revenue has been selected. It is because it has been remarkably increased from 96316 in the year 2015 to 206629 in the year 2016. The company has expended more in the research and development head which means that the company might have undertaking the manufacturing or any other research process. The marketing and the distribution expense have been incurred at the rate of more than hundred percent increases as compared to the earlier year. The company has paid the finance expense with the high amount which shows that the companys liquidity position is strong. Cash Flows Cash flow statement provides the detail of the cash movement made under the three heads operating, financing and the investing activities and as to how the cash has been flowed. CASH FLOWS (In '000 dollars) S. No. Particulars 2016 2015 Increase / (Decrease) 1 Operating activities 53504 22420 31084 2 Investing Activities (83798) (95504) 11706 3 Financing Activities 17990 115109 (97119) From the above table, the following has been inferred: Higher cash flow from operating activities has been welcomed because of the fact that the higher cash flows is due to the high receipt of the value from the customers. Increase in investing activities has been mainly due to the fact that the intangible approximately twenty percent of the previous years have been purchased. Decrease in financing activities have been encountered because of the fact that the company has repaid approximately 70% of his term loan and other borrowings which are running in the balance sheet and obtained from the banks or any other financial institutions. From the above analysis, it is very well established that both the financial years have drastic change in the value of items reported in the balance sheet, profit and loss account and cash flows of the company. Identification Of Risks As pet the nature of the business of the company and the complexity of the case within which the company is working, the following has been estimated as risks which are associated with the revenue: Increase in the Revenue - One of the major risks that has been encountered by the company is the increase in the value of revenue. It has created the shocking news for the company in the market. On the one hand the companys revenue has been increased considerably over the last years and on the other hand the company has paid the maximum of the amount of the loan outstanding in the books of accounts. If this is the practice adopted by the company then there would have been the risk of utilizing the short term funds against the payment of the long term funds. As per the generally accepted accounting policies the company is not required to do so and in case it has been done then it shall be mentioned in the auditor report. Thus, if the same practice is followed then there will be the risk of liquidation in the future. Increase in the Expectation of the customer - In this current scenario, there is great pressure from the customers regarding the new products that will be launch and when it will get started to be available at the shops. The customers are ready to pay for their better health but the company does not have sufficient knowledge and worth and thus will bring down the reputation of the company. Poor Productivity As per the industry norms, the level of output of the Pharma companies is stable and stagnant. But the company have generated higher revenue which details that the there might be some chances of the manipulative practices and has thus increased the risk of having the material misstatements (AASB, 2013). Poor Management - In the current scenario, the nature of the work and the official climate which the company has belongs to that of the traditional one which has increased the chances of having the violation of the accounting principle which in turn will be regarded as the material misstatements (MSH, 2017). Thus, in this manner the risks have been identified. Going Concern Assumption As per the going concern assumption of the accounting principles, it has been mentioned that the financial statements of the company shall be prepared and presented on the basis of the going concern assumption. In other words it means the financial statements are prepared so as to give impression that the company will exists and work for future years. There will not be any case which leads to the closure of the operations of the company (Boyce, 2005). In the given case, the company has recalled some of its major brand products and removed them from sale. Although the company is having the major business of brand products but the company will not be affected as the companys main line of activity or the main line of business would not stopped rater it will keep going. If the major brand products have been discontinued then the company will still in the business of selling the products which are generic in nature and are not branded. Thus, in this way the going concern assumption will not be affected. Social Responsibility And Reporting Social responsibility plays the very important role in the success of ever organization whether it is big or small, whether it is effective or non effective. Social responsibility is defined as the responsibility of the company towards the society of the country within which the company is operating. The corporations Act, 2001 along with the accounting standards, has prescribed that the company is required to report the companys policies and procedures in the report to ensure that the company is not affecting the rights and the privileges of the society and also takes care of the society. The report which is prepared is known as the corporate social responsibility (Shaw, 2008). The company has issued the first sustainability reporting for the year ending 2016. Thus, in this the first report will be analysed. The report has been prepared in accordance with the Global Reporting Initiative standards. The report has contained the thirty eight clauses and each clause has been detailed. The report has contained the bifurcation of the stakeholder detailing the mechanism to be appointed for the engagement and the examples of the different key interest that the stakeholders have in the business of the company. For instance customers are the main stakeholders of the company. Their engagement with the business of the company has been entered through the visits at the office or separate meetings. Their key interest in the working of the company would be to have the good quality of product; the supply of the products shall be timely delivered to the customers of the company and also the pricing strategy adopted by the company. The bifurcation of other stakeholders has a lso been mentioned. In this manner the social responsibility statement have been prepared. As it is the first time of issuing the corporate social responsibility, the certificate of assurance may be obtained from the external parties. Conclusion An auditing plays the significant role in the success of every company. The auditing helps in verifying each and every function of the business of the company and reporting the discrepancies if any to the management of the company. In the report the analysis have been made of the financial statements of the company Mayne Pharma Limited and how each item of the financial statements of the company is important for the stakeholders of the company. Audit plan has been detailed with the clear understanding of the business of the company and has been ended up with the social responsibility of the company. Each item of the financial statements has been detailed and the interpretation thereon has been made. In order to conclude, each and every company shall represent the true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and the financial performance of the company and along with that the auditor shall report any material misstatement to the management of the company and if requires shall be reported to stakeholders as the key audit matters specified in New Auditing standard 701. . References AASB, (2006), ASA 300 Planning and Audit of a Financial Report available athttps://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_300_28-04-06.pdf accessed on16/09/2017. AASB, (2013), ASA 315 Identifying and Assessing the Material Misstatements through understanding the entity and its Environment available at https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/Nov13_Compiled_Auditing_Standard_ASA_315.pdfaccessed on 13/09/2017. Boyce J, (2015), PWC Pharma Industry Surveys Highlights available at https://medicinesaustralia.com.au/media-release/2015-pwc-pharma-industry-survey-highlights-challenges-for-innovative-medicines-sector/ accessed on 16/09/2017. Company Official Website, (2017), Annual Report available at https://www.maynepharma.com/about-us/about-mayne-pharma/ accessed on 17/09/2017. DOI Australia, (2016), Australian Industry Report 2016, available at https://industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-Chief-Economist/Publications/AustralianIndustryReport/assets/Australian-Industry-Report-2016.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017. MSH, (2017), Pharmaceutical Legislation and Regulation available at https://www.msh.org/sites/msh.org/files/mds3-ch06-legislation-mar2012.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017. Shaw B, (2008), Australian Pharmaceutical Industry at a Crossroad? available at https://medicinesaustralia.com.au/files/2009/12/Australian-Pharmaceutical-Industry-Report-2007.pdf accessed on 16/09/2017 Singh R, (2017), Financial Management in Pharmaceutical Industry, available at https://www.slideshare.net/dentobizz/drricha-project-cfm accessed on 16/09/2017. TGA, (2017), TGA Regulatory Framework available at https://www.tga.gov.au/tga-labelling-and-packaging-regulatory-framework accessed on 17/09/2017. Ullah A, (2014), Planning and Audit of Financial Statements available onhttps://leaccountant.com/2014/12/08/asa-300-summary-planning-an-audit-of-financial -statements/ accessed on 16/09/2

The Disease of Drug Addiction free essay sample

For example, in his capacity as the director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, Alan Leshner wrote that the reason we ought to think of addiction as a disease is that it ‘is tied to changes in brain structure and function’(Leshner,1997). This reasoning is echoed in the work of several other authors. Heyman, Heather and Alexander, among others, have challenged the disease status of addiction on primarily empirical grounds (Heyman, 2001; Heather, 1992; Alexander, 1988). Philosophical accounts of disease, which attempt to clarify the concept, come in many shapes and sizes. For example, Boorse argues for a naturalistic conception of disease in which a disease must be reflected in a loss of function in an organ (Boorse, 1977). At the other end of the spectrum, Nordenfelt argues for a normative conception, which defines diseases as conditions which prevent us from meeting our ‘vital goals’ (Nordenfelt, 1995). It is still an open question whether Boorse’s view, Nordenfelt’s view or some other view gives the best rendering of what we mean when we call something a disease, but the published accounts can support the claim that changes in brain structure and function are enough to constitute a disease. We will write a custom essay sample on The Disease of Drug Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The concept of addiction as a neurobiological disease has taken hold, thanks largely to the efforts of both NIDA and the World Health Organization (WHO) that addiction is a disease (NIDA, 2009 ; WHO, 2004) Substance Dependence or Drug Addiction† The term â€Å"substance dependence† has gained great currency because of its use in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM, both in its revision of the third edition (DSM- III- R; American Psychiatric Association [APA] 1987) and in its most recent edition (DSM- IV; APA 1994), avoids the term addiction, preferring instead to use the diagnoses of substance abuse and dependence, collectively referred to as substance use disorders. Beginning with DSM-III-R, the criteria used to diagnose substance use disorders were applied more or less equally to all of the substances that are commonly mis-used by individuals. In the DSM, therefore, individuals are differentiated onto three mutually exclusive categories: no substance use disorder, abuse only, or dependence. With this approach, abuse is diagnosed only if the individual does not meet the criteria for dependence. Accordingly, an individual meeting the criteria for both abuse and dependence is diagnosed only with dependence. The most recent text revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR; APA 2000, p. 192) identifies impaired control over substance use as the essential feature of dependence, which is â€Å"a cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues use of the substance despite significant substance-related problems. † The dependence syndrome, which forms the basis for the diagnostic approach used in DSM-III-R, was first described for alcohol by Edwards and Gross (1976); it was later broadened to include other drugs (Edwards et al. 1981). However, as was true for DSM-III-R (APA 1987), the inclusion of abuse as a distinct category in DSM-IV deviated from the purely dimensional approach (in which all dependence occurs on a continuum, varying from no dependence symptoms to severe dependence) taken by Edwards and colleagues. This dimensional approach recently has been supported by findings from a large, nationally representative sample of more than 43,000 people. Saha and colleagues (2006) found that, except for alcohol-related legal problems, all DSM-IV criteria for alcohol abuse and dependence formed a continuum of alcohol use disorder severity. Moreover, only one of four diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse (i. e. , hazardous use) fell among other criteria associated with mild dependence, whereas the other three abuse criteria clustered with the most severe symptoms of dependence. These findings call into question the distinction between abuse and dependence and the identification of abuse as being milder than dependence. O’Brien and colleagues (2006) have argued against the use of the term substance dependence, calling for a renewed emphasis on addiction. Dependence, they pointed out, is often confused with physical dependence (i. e. the adaptations that result in withdrawal symptoms when substance use is discontinued), which can occur with therapeutic applications of a variety of medications. This terminological confusion may make clinicians reluctant to prescribe pain medications, for example, for fear of causing addiction. By emphasizing the behavioral aspects of compulsive substance use, addiction captures the chronic, relapsing, and compulsive nature of substance use that occurs despite the associated negative consequences. On that basis, these authors urged the APA to restore the use of the term addiction in the DSM-V, which currently is in development. A disadvantage of the term addiction, however, is that it often is used pejoratively and can lead practitioners to avoid its use for fear of stigmatizing their patients and damaging their relationship with them. Further, the term addiction has been used so widely and variably that, like â€Å"alcoholism,† its meaning has been diluted, substantially limiting its value. The terminology used to describe alcohol and other drug use disorders is of key importance to both the study and the clinical care of people suffering from these conditions (Kranzler, Ting-Kai; 2008). Addiction Is a Disease Drug addiction is a compulsive behavior that creates a desire to use a dangerous substance, despite the health repercussions and sometimes irreversible consequences. Drug addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease. It is important not to confuse drug addiction with drug dependency, drug dependency does not always manifest into drug addiction. Understanding what happens in the brain with addiction is key to understanding drug addiction. Once a brain is exposed to a substance it changes.

How to Make Nylon - Nylon Synthesis

How to Make Nylon - Nylon Synthesis Nylon is a polymer you can make yourself in the lab. A strand of nylon rope is pulled from the interface between two liquids. The demonstration sometimes is called the nylon rope trick because you can pull a continuous rope of nylon from the liquid indefinitely. Close examination of the rope will reveal that is is a hollow polymer tube. Nylon Materials a solution made from 6 g sebacoyl chloride in 70 ml heptanea solution made from 3 g 1,6-diaminohexane in 70 ml watermetal tweezers or forceps Make Nylon Use equal volumes of the two solutions. Tilt the beaker containing the 1,6-diaminohexane solution and slowly pour the sebacoyl chloride solution down the side of the beaker so that it forms the top layer.Dip tweezers into the interface of the liquids and pull them up to form a strand of nylon. Continue to pull the tweezers away from the beaker to lengthen the strand. You may wish to wrap the nylon rope around a glass rod.Rinse the nylon with water, ethanol or methanol to remove the acid from the nylon. Be sure to rinse the nylon before handling it or storing it. How the Nylon Rope Trick Works Nylon is the name given to any synthetic polyamide. Acyl chloride from any dicarboxylic acid reacts via a substitution reaction with any amine to form a nylon polymer and HCl. Safety and Disposal The reactants are irritating to the skin, so wear gloves throughout the procedure. Remaining liquid should be mixed to form nylon. The nylon should be washed prior to disposal. Any unreacted liquid should be neutralized prior to washing it down the drain. If the solution is basic, add sodium bisulfate. If the solution is acidic, add sodium carbonate. Reference Chemical Magic, 2nd Ed., Leonard A. Ford (1993) Dover Publications, Inc.

Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes

Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes By Maeve Maddox Writers can avoid most errors of punctuation by mastering the following conventions. 1. Introductory words, phrases, and clauses are followed by a comma. Incorrect: Moreover students are expected to read at least one English classic every six weeks. Correct : Moreover, students are expected to read at least one English classic every six weeks. Moreover is an introductory word and should be followed by a comma. Incorrect: To become fluent readers students must read outside school hours. Correct : To become fluent readers, students must read outside school hours. â€Å"To become fluent readers† is an introductory infinitive phrase and should be followed by a comma. Incorrect: If you want to write well you must be prepared to practice the craft. Correct : If you want to write well, you must be prepared to practice the craft. â€Å"If you want to write well† is an introductory clause and should be followed by a comma. 2. Nonessential information is set off with commas. Incorrect: Joseph Conrad who was born in Poland began to learn English in his twenties. Correct : Joseph Conrad, who was born in Poland, began to learn English in his twenties. â€Å"Who was born in Poland† is a clause that provides nonessential information and should be set off by commas. 3. Essential information does not require commas. Incorrect: The boys, who vandalized the public gardens, are in police custody. Correct : The boys who vandalized the public gardens are in police custody. â€Å"Who vandalized the public gardens† is essential information because it identifies which boys are meant. It should not be set off by commas. 4. A comma is placed before a coordinate conjunction that joins two main clauses. Incorrect: The cougar moved quickly but the tourist reached the safety of the cabin. Correct : The cougar moved quickly, but the tourist reached the safety of the cabin. The clauses joined by the conjunction but could stand alone as complete sentences: â€Å"The cougar moved quickly† and â€Å"The tourist reached the safety of the cabin.† A comma is not needed with a compound verb joined by a coordinate conjunction: â€Å"The tourist saw the cougar and ran to the cabin.† 5. A comma is not strong enough to join two main clauses. (Comma splice) Incorrect: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter, nevertheless they kept up with their studies. Correct : Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter; nevertheless, they kept up with their studies. Also Correct: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter. Nevertheless, they kept up with their studies. A comma splice results when two main clauses are joined by a comma. The main clauses here are â€Å"Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter† and â€Å"nevertheless, they kept up with their studies.† The word nevertheless is a conjunctive adverb. Its function is to provide a transition between two thoughts, but it is not a joining word like and or but. A comma splice can be avoided by placing a semicolon after the first clause or by ending the first clause with a period or other end stop and starting a new sentence with a capital. 6. A comma is not needed before a noun clause in ordinary narration. Incorrect: The spelunkers found, that the caves were closed to protect the bats. Correct : The spelunkers found that the caves were closed to protect the bats. The noun clause is â€Å"the caves were closed to protect the bats.† The clause functions as the direct object of the verb in the main clause, found. 7. A comma is needed before a direct quotation. Incorrect: The wizard said â€Å"Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain.† Correct : The wizard said, â€Å"Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain.† 8. Colons should be used after a complete sentence to introduce a word, phrase, clause, list, or quotation. Incorrect: Her favorite flowers are: daffodils, roses, and pansies. Correct : She has three favorite flowers: daffodils, roses, and pansies. â€Å"Her favorite flowers are† is a sentence fragment. A complete sentence should precede a colon that introduces a thought that expands on the meaning of the sentence that precedes it. 9. Main clauses that are not part of a compound or complex sentence require an end stop. When a period or other end stop is omitted, the result is a â€Å"run-on sentence.† Incorrect: The rushing waves capsized the boat indifferent gulls wheeled overhead. Correct : The rushing waves capsized the boat. Indifferent gulls wheeled overhead. The simplest way to correct a run-on sentence is to put a period at the end of the first clause and capitalize the next one. 10. Multiple exclamation points don’t belong in mature writing. Incorrect: Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn!!!! Correct : Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn! On the rare occasions that an exclamation mark is wanted in formal writing, one is sufficient. Bonus: Quotation marks should not be used for mere emphasis. Incorrect: Our staff is required to take three â€Å"safety† courses every year. Correct : Our staff is required to take three safety courses every year. In most contexts, placing quotation marks around a word suggests that the word is being used with a meaning other than the obvious one. Writers who enclose words in quotation marks merely for emphasis risk annoying their readers. No one likes to waste time trying to discern a hidden meaning where there is none. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Common Mistakes category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Writing the CenturyConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

Girls Primary Schools in United Kingdom Coursework

Girls Primary Schools in United Kingdom - Coursework Example This does not promote feminism or any related activities thereof but uses their works to relay situational analysis. This serves to focus change mainly in the designation of school curriculum basing on gender abilities, skills and intellect at still a very young formative age which is mostly subject to resigned domestic and weak place in society. This dissertation is an amalgamation of the work carried out over centuries by precursors of the feminist movement which abolished the sign of male dominated tactics where imparting equal education in qualitative and quantitative terms was concerned. This topic is a challenging one as it focuses on a specific area in gender philosophy. The parameters to be studied are now deeply rooted in the history of our educational system and thus hold a large amount of interest and fascination for a student of feminist issues. Further, the time period being studied is of utmost importance where revolutionary trends in feminist approaches are concerned. In this regard, the work of feminists was the foundation stone for modern day theories in a very subtle manner. Every change happens through education and the study of changing trends in education to show the elements of emerging feminist trends of the period is a challenging and fascinating subject. The dissertation progresses on the general hypotheses of social criticism and the trends that emerged thereof, in context of feminist and gender philosophy conceptions. In this way, the underlying model is a realistic one, unlike the predictable idealistic one due to the fact that Wollstonecraft's work demonstrates the fact that she had great foresight. This dissertation will basically focus on the Education Acts of 1870, 1902, 1944 and 1968. In this regard, the dissertation will analyze the various trends that were followed when these acts were formulated in context of pressures like the importance of women's education as well as the situation of young women. Further, the curriculum and activities revolving around primary education will be discussed in context of the three Rs - religion, reading and writing. The issues and questions are ones pertaining to the general climate for change and whether or not it facilitated the trends that emerged in the area of a change in curriculum for the primary education of girls in UK during that period. The work will also pose the question of how these kinds of changes in education tend to influence the general outlook of society over the years. In this way the acts will be analyzed to find evidence surrounding whether or not they were successful and the criticisms that demonstrate their failures and flaws. These acts in general brought about a climate for change and the emergence of a new feminist perspective. Also, it helped change the curriculum and include more women oriented studies that did not necessarily revolve around

Children's Pastimes Today and Yesterday Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Children's Pastimes Today and Yesterday - Outline Example The present paper has identified that in the olden times, the outdoor activities of children were far greater than they are today. Schools and educational institutions promoted scouting and recruited young scouts. This kept them busy with activities like camping and learning first aid techniques. Apart from these extracurricular accomplishments, the children also entertained themselves by playing outdoor games. These included football, hopscotch, and basketball. Board games and cards were other hobbies of these children who spent their time playing these games with their siblings and friends. Furthermore, life was not as fast-paced previously as it is today. Quality family time was a compulsion and children went to spend holidays with their family. Weekends at the beach or at the park were another favorite pastime. With the changing times and new innovations, the hobbies of children have altered. The internet and the computers have taken over the minds of the younger generation. Chil dren now prefer to play games on the computer or indulge in online gaming. Their other favorite pastime is watching television. Children nowadays spend up to 6 to 8 hours every day watching their favorite television programs. Indulgence in outdoor games has reduced and an inactive lifestyle has been adopted.

Linguistics Lecture Essay Example for Free

Linguistics Lecture Essay Today’s Objective †¢ Begin to understand the fundamental ways of thinking in Linguistics. Some properties of grammar †¢ †¢ †¢ creativity generality parity Some properties of grammar: Parity ? all grammars are equally valid prescriptive grammar descriptive grammar ? ? Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No People who live in East Hamilton often say â€Å"I seen him† where they should say â€Å"I saw him† Clicker frequency is BD. Is this statement a scienti?  c observation? A. Yes B. No In Finnish, prepositions come after nouns. Kissa on poydan alla cat is table under â€Å"The cat is under the table† Is this statement a scienti? c observation? A. Yes B. No If you end a sentence with a preposition you sound ignorant. Gymboree is one of the stores that I shop at. Gymboree is one of the stores at which I shop. Clicker frequency is BD. Clicker frequency is BD. Some properties of grammar: Universality ? ? ? ? all grammars share some universal properties phonological syntactic etc. Some properties of grammar: Mutability ? ? ? ? all grammars change over time sounds words word forms sentence structures [w] not [hw] in Canada by age Some properties of grammar: Inaccessibility ? almost all grammatical knowledge is unconscious (a. k. a. implicit) How can we observe unconscious knowledge? Some properties of grammar ? ? ? ? ? ? creativity generality parity universality mutability inaccessibility.

Vocabulary :: Communication, Language

Vocabulary is very important to everyday reading because it is all of the words in a language. According to Bursuck and Damer (2010) students â€Å"learn to decode harder text, they are more likely to encounter words that are not part of their oral language† (p. 231). Being familiar with words and the meaning of the word assists student’s fluency as well as comprehension. According to the National Institute of Literacy (2007) vocabulary is â€Å"words used in speech and print to communicate† (p. 14). Vocabulary can be divided into two categories â€Å"oral or spoken words and written words† (National Institute of Literacy, 2007, p. 14). The National Institute of Literacy (2007), agree with Bursuck and Damer (2010), stating that â€Å"vocabulary knowledge is important to reading because the oral and written words promote comprehension and communication† (p. 14). Since vocabulary is extremely important Pullen, Tuckwiller, Konold, Maynard, & Coyne, 20 10 used a â€Å"three tier model for students at risk for a reading disability† (p. 110). Pullen et al. (2010) states that vocabulary development occurs through incidental learning and home environment before formal schooling† (p. 111) The intervention created by Pullen et al. (2010) was meant to increase students’ vocabulary of at risk students. The intervention (2010) participants â€Å"were 224 first grade students in elementary schools in a diverse population and moderate percentage of students in socio-economic status† (p. 114). The intervention (2010) itself created by ___________________ was a three-tier system: Tier 1 consisted of classroom instruction and â€Å"students who do not respond to tier 1 will receive tier 2 instruction and tier 3 is the most intensive level and if student do not respond to this level they are referred to a special education evaluation† (p. 114). To identify students who may be at risk of disability, the intervention (2010) used the PPVT-4 as a standardized test. Pullen et al. (2010) used the test to asses the baseline level â€Å"of receptive vocabulary and identify participants as either at risk of not for reading failure† (p. 115). The authors of the intervention (2010) selected the PPVT-4 because â€Å"it demonstrated reliability, indicating that is a sound measure for measuring receptive vocabulary† (p. 115). For a post-test, the authors (2010) used a researcher-developed measure to asses students’ acquisition of target words used in the intervention (p. 115). Pullen et al. (2010) had a three-tier system where tier 1 and tier 2 were designed â€Å"around two story books appropriate for first grade students† (p.

Buyer decision process Essay

Marketing Thoery & Practice Q.13 What is meant by the ‘buyer decision process’ ? Explain the process , relating it to an individual’s purchase of a new digital camera. 1 . Introduction: When a person makes a decision to buy something, basically, the product he want to buy is useful for him and he need it. Then he will go to find the â€Å"information† about that kind of goods from every seller and different brands. After he collect the information from ads, magazines, his friends, or mass media, he will think about that, compare the qualities, prices, services†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦between different sellers or companies, decide which brand of the product he gonna buy. Finally, he will choose the most preferred brand to buy. After he bought the product, as a marketer, do not forget the last part of â€Å"buyer decision process.† : Post-purchase behaviour. The reaction of customers are very important for a company . What are the buyers thinking about the products , it’s satisfied or dissatisfied, even the reputation of one company are all depends on â€Å"Post-Purchase behaviour.† So , the stages buyers pass through to reach a buying dcision are : Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Need recognition; Information search; Evaluation of alternative; Purchase decision ; Post-purchase behaviour. â€Å"Clearly, the buying process starts long before actual purchase, and continues long after. Marketers need to focus on the entire buying process rather than on just the purchase decision. But in more routine purchase consumers often skip or reverse some of these stages.†( Kotler Brown – Marketing 6th edition . ) 2 . ‘Buyer Decision Process’ : At the beginning of year 2004, Tony decided to buy a digital camera for taking photos during his journey around Europe. There were lots brands of digital cameras on sell at that time. He had to make a decision between them. 2.1 Stage 1 Need recognition Tony wants a digital camera to take photos during the way for personal using. Therefore the demands of functions are just enough for satisfy the individual need. The digital camera need to have the basic function the normal camera has and the price should be not too expensive, it’s better if the quality of pictures are more clearly, the speed faster and the design novelty. From this stage, the marketers should research the information that what the consumer need. It could become the target for a company who want improve the skill of their producing, for less risk , they need to follow the â€Å"Marketing Concept† , outside-in perspective , focus on customers . 2.2 Stage 2 Information search The science today is developing all the time , people need the cameras have more technologies in them . Digital camera could satisfy the demand of customers by it’s bigger LCD screen; transiting photos to computers from the camera; colorful display; faster speed; innovative features †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and also, all of these become the objective of the camera companies. There are lots goods from different camera companies such like Canon, Sony, Kodak, Olympus, Samsung†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ could be chosen by Tony. As most customers, Tony ringed his friends, asked how was the opinions and knowledge of the brand of the product from them, read some news about digital camera from magazines and newspapers, found some information through the internet, even go around several camera shops†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦At last, he limited the scope he the researching. He found two type of cameras which are fit for him. They are Sony Cyber-shot DSC-T1(Sony DSC-T1) and CANON IXUS430(Canon S430). Sony Canon We can see, in the business world today, â€Å"a company must design its marketing mix to make protects aware of and knowledgeable about its brand.†1 It’s very important for a company to know what the consumer thinking about their products and even the repute of them. If they didn’t advertised the produce, they may loss a lot of business profit because the complete ignorance of the customers. 2.3 Stage 3 Evaluation Of Alternatives The two digital camera companies all have high quality and good faith, the price of Sony DSC-T1 is 550 dollars, however the original price of Canon S430 was 620 dollars, now they are on sell just 520 dollars. Canon has a 1.5†³ LCD screen, Sony is 2.5†³ LCD display; The speed of Sony DSC-T1 is 15^1/5300 s, and the speed of the Canon is 15^1/2000 s; Canon camera has the USB input to connect with computers, but no memory stick. There are both USB input and memory stick on Sony DSC-T1. The weight of Sony is 180g, and Canon is 185g. For the people who buy the Sony camera, they retain the right to exchange the goods with any fault whenever they want in one year. There’s a only half a year’s warranty to Canon S430. But, If Tony decides to buy the Canon S430, he could also get a free camera handbag from the company. For personal use, the warranty of the company is the most important, which means to a company, service marketing is very important. Sony may win Canon by this factor. But also, Tony need to compare the qualities of two brands of cameras. He never mind how big the screen is, any of these two is ok for him. Because it’s a individual purchase, he just wants the speed of the camera enough to take normal photos, if faster, that’s better. Tony need the camera could connect with his computer, that he could keep the photos and fix them by the program in his computer and send them to his friends and relative. If the camera has memory stick is more useful. â€Å"Sony† is lighter than â€Å"Canon†, Tony could get more convenience from Sony camera. However, the price of Sony is 30 dollars more than Canon. 2.4 Stage 4 Purchase Decision After he compare the conditions above carefully, he made a decision to buy Sony Cyber-shot DCS-T1 camera. But it’s still not the last decision he’s made. â€Å"Two factors can come between the purchase intention and the purchase decision.† Maybe his friend doesn’t like the brand of â€Å"Sony† but â€Å"Olympus†, or at the same time, the price of another digital camera from Olympus has dropped down to 490 dollars and also has the similar effect as the two camera we’ve talked before. He may change his mind and buy the Olympus camera. 2.5 Stage 5 Post-purchase Behaviour After all of 4 stages before, Tony bought the camera which he decided to buy – Sony Cyber-shot DCS-T1, It seems like, he has already finished his buying process, but not really. The last stage of â€Å"Buyer decision Process† is very important. If Tony is satisfied by the camera he bought, he may advertises to his friends and suggest them to buy this brand of products (not just camera) and he will trust this company and buy this brand of product again. However, if he finds the quality of the camera is not as good as what he wants, he will also complain how bad the product is to his friends and relatives. There’s not just one customer dissatisfy like Tony, the company will lose million dollars of profit. Therefore, companies should pay attention to the â€Å"Post-purchase process† . The reputation of the company is depend on this stage. It could help the marketers get more customers and business profit. When some customers want to buy some goods, maybe there’s not all the stages during the process. They may skip or reverse some of the stages. Just like Tony, If he is satisfied this time, the next time he want to buy a walkman, or digital TV, or DVD player, he may skip of the second stage(Information search) and the third stage(Evaluation of alternatives). And also, for the next time, he reverse of the stages. the last stage(Post-purchase behaviour) come after the first stage(Need recognition) before the forth stage(Purchase decision). 3 . Conclusion : The â€Å"Buyer Decision Process† is the process when the customers making decision to buy something. It useful for customers to get the goods they really need and fit for the value. Also it’s the most common way of purchasing goods. On the other hand, the process is very important for marketers to improve their producing skill and get the information of how customers feel about their products. If marketers follow the process and satisfy the customers, they will be successful in their business. 4. Reference : 1. Marketing, 6th edition, Kotler Brown. 2. Law in Commerce, 2nd Edition, Brendan Sweeney & Jennifer O’Reilly. 3. http://www.dcresource.com/reviews/sony/dsc_t1-review/index.shtml 4. http://www.dpreview.com/

Human Resources Practice Essay

1. Introduction The HR Profession Map was developed using the following design principles: †¢ It describes what you need to do, what you need to know and how you need to do it within each professional area at four bands of professional competence. †¢ It covers behaviours as well as the technical elements of professional competence required in the HR profession. †¢ It is organised around areas of professional competence, not organisation structures, job levels or roles. †¢ The scope of the Map will cover the breadth and depth of the HR profession, from small to large organisations, from fundamental to sophisticated practice, local to global, corporate to consulting, charity to public sector, traditional to progressive. †¢ It has the versatility to be used in part, or viewed as a whole, with the core professional areas acting as the key or centre that is relevant to all. 2. Activity 1 Summarise the HRPM The Profession Map captures what successful and effective HR people do and deliver across their specialist profession, and sets out the required activities, behaviours and knowledge. Covering 10 professional areas and eight behaviours, set out in four bands of competence the Map covers every level of the HR profession, from band one at the start of an HR career through to band four for the most senior leaders. The Map has been designed to be relevant and applicable to HR professionals operating anywhere in the world, in all sectors and in organisations of all shapes and sizes. Professional Areas 1. Insights, Strategy and Solutions 2. Leading HR 3. Organisation Design 4. Organisation Development 5. Resource and Talent Planning 6. Learning and Development 7. Performance and Reward 8. Employee Engagement 9. Employee Relations 10. Service, Delivery and Information Behaviours 1. Curious 2. Decisive Thinker 3. Skilled Influencer 4. Personally Credible 5. Collaborative 6. Driven to Deliver 7. Courage to Challenge 8. Role Model (www.cipd.co.uk) 2.1Insights, Strategy and Solutions Human Resources professionals work from a deep business, contextual and organisational understanding to develop actionable insight, and prioritise HR strategies that make the most difference at any given time. You develop insight-led solutions, prioritised and tailored around a good business, contextual and organisation understanding – identifying opportunities and risks and acting on them. Business Vision and strategy of the organisation Products/services and customer profiles Financial and non-financial performance information Contextual Your sector and related regulations/legislation Political, economic, social, technological and environmental issues. Organisation Structure, processes, governance Culture, values, behaviours Key relationships, stakeholders, how decisions get made This understanding – and the resulting insights – allow us to create prioritised and situational HR strategies that make the most difference and build a compelling case for change. Includes these topics: Building a picture Developing actionable insight Delivering situational HR solutions that stick Building capacity and capability -Working with agility Organisation context determines the influence and priority of stakeholder roles and individuals, it also determines how readily new systems/ applications or methods can be adopted, and whether we can get there. If customers / principal stakeholders come from different contexts, this may systematically shape the goals and requirements 2.2 Leading HR Resourcing Band 1 Human Resources Professionals need to have a good knowledge of the principles and procedures for organisations recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits of labour relations and personnel information systems. A sound knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, modelling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources. Motivating, developing, and directing people, as they work, identifying the best people for the job also been able to identify potential for succession planning. . 3. Activity 2 Timely and Effective Service With any organization, we will typically find the customers HR supports are within recruiting, employee relations, training, etc, all pretty much the same, regardless of department, our customers are anyone who uses the HR services we provide we interact with supervisors, managers, employees, external candidates, and external organizations. The way that HR interacts with each of these groups is different depending on what is being delivered, but in the general sense, our customers are all as important as each other. 3.1 Employees Employees want professional HR support from real people and HR need to be responsive and clear about what services we offer. HR need to be easy to contact and able to respond quickly and effectively. Obviously employees require accurate pay and benefits, on time. They also want to be given the opportunity for training and development. 3.2 Managers Managers want an HR function which understands the workforce and can help management balance employee and business needs. They want a proactive HR function which identifies issues before they happen and works with managers to address them. They would like HR to help them with their most challenging people issues including motivation, change and skills development. An HR function which does not understand the business and the workforce completely loses its value. The needs of both employees and managers are sometimes be conflicting. For example, managers require a higher level of production and sometimes longer working hours whereas employees tend to want more time off and more focus on a work/life balance. A good HR department needs to work with both groups to find the best balance. A way of resolving these conflicts is to focus on the overall needs of the organisation, ensuring that the right employees are recruited and retained will help this. The skills and abilities of all employees need to be aligned to their job role and as HR we need to provide development and training to ensure productivity is reached and to manage turnover of employees. Coaching and counselling employees will also help and providing an effective reward and recognition system. 3.3 Recruitment Agencies HR and recruitment agencies are committed to developing and maintaining closer relationships, the outcomes for both parties are more positive, and from a strategic perspective, it’s the formation of these stronger partnerships that bring mutual business benefits and added value. Good reasons why an organisation would use recruitment agencies Gain access to job-seekers (both active and passive)  source candidates from more specific talent pools and match them to an  organisation’s vacancies reduce the time and in-house resources dedicated to recruitment use a range of specialist skills offered by recruitment experts Access specialist services such as screening, filtering and profiling of candidates Gain flexibility in recruitment to meet cyclical/ market demand Get expert opinion about and knowledge of current recruitment legislation Benchmarking purposes – access to salary data and local market knowledge. However in past experience working with some recruitme nt agencies it can become an expensive option as they tend to charge anywhere from 12.5 percentage of the starting salary upwards and a finders fee if the candidate does become permanent. 3.4 Communication Communication Type Advantages Disadvantages Email Easy to send Fairly quick to send Can send 365 days of the year Can send to a group of people at once Email can get stuck in spam and not received Attachments could contain viruses Internet could go down and may not receive mail for sometime Phone call Calls can be made 24 hours a day 7 days a week Get your message across and gain feedback immediately You cannot see each other’s body language Things could get mis-interpreted Costly Fax Can send exact copies of documents Easy to train how to use No immediate response Could misdial number sending documents to wrong person Poor quality of received document 3.5 Effective Service Delivery An effective HR services for all employees is seen as be supportive, not to dilute the responsibility of people management. Also have the ability to coach line managers, especially around managing performance. 3.6 Delivering Service HR should obtain thorough feedback from internal customers, line managers, senior managers and employees. This should cover both what they need from HR, and their user experience of current services. Such feedback could generate a clear and more effective HR function within the organisation. It can provide fresh insights and help the HR function to focus its efforts in these areas could add value to the business. 3.7 Difficult Customers Assuming that the employee provides value to the company and possesses redeeming qualities, there are ways to deal with difficult employees. Most often, managers will simply ignore problematic staffers. Managers who live by this rule hope the problem will just go away; that these people will somehow turn themselves around or stop being troublesome. Ignoring the situation is the wrong solution to what could likely become a progressive problem. It is important to take action as soon as the negative behavior pattern becomes evident when left untouched, this problem will only escalate. (http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/201950#ixzz2h4AjsnQf) 3.8 Resolving Complaints Employee complaints alert us to potential problems within the business Depending on the type of complaint that comes in you’re going to want to keep relevant portions of your staff appraised of it while simultaneously safeguarding the privacy of the individuals involved. It’s important to be transparent in these situations because â€Å"employees are probably going to know this on the office gossip vine anyway,† says Kelly. â€Å"They want to see that management is aware of it too and that management does take action and demonstrates a commitment to a higher ethical standard.† (http://www.inc.com/guides/2010/04/handle-employee-complaints.html/1)

Walt Disney The Man With The M essays

Walt Disney The Man With The M essays When people think of animated cartoons, one name immediately comes to mind "Walt Disney." He is the most popular and known animator in the world. He wasn't successful at the beginning of his career but he was a taskmaker and entrepreneur. Walt's hard work and entrepreneurship made the world's best popular cartoon character "Mickey Mouse." As an animator and an owner of Disney Corporation, he made a lot of influences in past and present days. Hereby the importance of his life and influences will be discussed, in a age order. First of all, Walter Elias Disney was born in Chicago, Illinois, on December 5th, 1901, the fourth kid of five children of Elias and Flora Disney. The family often moved from place to place because of Walt's father Elias. He tried his hand successively as a farmer, a businessman, an orange grower, a carpenter. But he expected all members of his family, no matter how young, to spend most of their waking hours working for him without any compensation. During Walt's childhood and adolescence, Elias operated a farm in Marceline, Missouri. It was there that Walt spent his early years and developed his interest in drawing. In 1910 the family moved again, this time to Kansas City. There he enrolled in art classes at the Kansas City Art Institute. In 1917 the family moved again, this time back to Chicago. In Chicago, Walt joined Red Cross unit and spent nine months as a ambulance driver in France at the end of World War I. After Walt Disney returned from France in 1919, he decided to make art his career. He soon joined the staff of the Kansas City Film Advertising Company, which was producing a simple type of animation. He and a colleague, Ubbe Iwerks, learned enough about animation to try doing some of their own. They formed a company called Laugh-O-Gram Films. The company made fun of local problem and scandals in cartoon form. They sold well enough to give Walt and Iwerks the courage to go into business for them...

A Critical Review Of Che Guevaras The Motorcycle Diaries

A Critical Review Of Che Guevara's The Motorcycle Diaries â€Å"The Motorcycle Diaries† is a story of an eight thousand mile trip that begins from Argentina to Peru. The trip involves two people; Ernesto Guevara and his friend, Alberto Granado, whom they travel together using a motorcycle as they pass through different countries with different landscapes. The young men are on a duty to explore the different parts of the world they had never visited before. The quest of the adventurers in the movie is to see the things they had only read from books about the continent on which they live, more so the physical landscapes of different regions. The Change in Physical Landscapes The physical landscapes change as Ernesto and Alberto travel from Argentina to Chile, and to Peru. The two travel through five different countries starting with Argentina. They pass through the mountains, for example, the Andes where they had to endure very low temperatures. Initially, they travelled through a landscape where the sun shined, and the land was quite warm before they reached Chile, a land full of snow. Ernesto and Alberto also travelled through the Pampas; very large and fertile pieces of land. While in Peru, the two went through the Lowlands and the Tropical rainforest. While in Columbia, they came across part of the Andes Mountain. The terrain in Columbia was also mountainous as in Chile. There was no difference for Alberto and Ernesto in Venezuela, which was the last country they travelled through. The country also had a lot of mountains, with the climate being the tropical type. The change in physical landscapes during the journey involving Alberto and Ernesto is evident when their motorcycle turns over a number of times during the trip. In different occasions, the motorcycle skids out from under the two and even land into a ditch. The mountainous terrain and the lowlands could have been the cause of the turning of the motorcycle. Cultural Differences Encountered by Ernesto and Alberto While travelling, Alberto and Ernesto encounter cultural differences as they travel through the region. Firstly, the two come to the realization that the official language spoken by the people in the area they are going through is Spanish. Even the Indians in Chile speak Spanish. Besides, Alberto and Ernesto encounter a culture where strangers are warmly welcomed without fear. For instance, In Chile, the Mesties and the Indians are both very social, and they are willing to make available foodstuff, clothes, and a sleeping place to the strangers. It is in the culture of the people of Chile to wear Chamants; a type of clothing that look like ponchos with lots of colors. In Peru, they encounter a group of people who still practice the ancient cultures. The people in an old city called Machu Pichu, for instance believe in the preservation of cultures. Alberto and Ernesto realize that the city is still very old fashioned, and far behind a lot of things. In Columbia, the two notice that it is in the culture of the nation to practice Roman-Catholic faith. In Venezuela, there are different types of religions including the Indian religion and Christianity. The Change of Mind for Alberto and Ernesto In the movie, Ernesto and Alberto seem to come from an economically stable community that does not value the lives of others who are poor. As they travel, they are surprised by the poverty levels in most of the countries. They also get amazed by the social nature of the inhabitants of the countries they travel through. They notice the alarming difference between the rich and the poor, a situation that does not seem to be in existence in their home country. Alberto and Ernesto encounters a type of life that makes them change their minds about the world. It is during their journey that they realize that there are people who are very poor and engage in different religions. The different landscapes they go through also make them change their views on the physical nature of the world. The two adventurers notice that the people who have almost nothing possess the virtue of sharing whatever little they possess. Alberto and Ernesto learn to care about others and through that, they change their social and economic aspects. The change in mind is evident when Ernesto, under the name Che Guevara, would later go on to become a world-renowned communist revolutionary. He played a vital role in Cuba in 1959 during the communist revolution. Geographical Imagination of Latin America The film reinstated my geographical imagination of Latin America given that some of the regions visited by Alberto and Ernesto have the natural resources I ever imagined. The two adventurers visited Chuquicamata Copper mine that I did not have a clear idea of its Location. It is apparently Chile’s source of wealth. My imagination of the varied terrain in Latin America was proved to be true by Alberto and Ernesto, who travelled through mountainous terrains and lowlands in the region. In conclusion, the film is an incredible drama that hopefully is a lesson to viewers. The experience Alberto and Ernesto go through changes their lives, and more lives may be changed by the film, as it happened to Ernesto; an iconic communist revolutionary.

Explore the Causes of the Current Financial Crisis That Started in Essay

Explore the Causes of the Current Financial Crisis That Started in 2007 - Essay Example There are various causes for this crisis and this paper shall explore these causes as well as the theoretical views which seem to be relevant in explaining its causes. Body The global financial crisis which started in 2007 is considered one of the most disastrous economic issues the world has ever experienced. In so many ways, it is being likened to the Great Depression seen in 1929, as well as the Russian crisis in 1992 (Banking Law Committee, 2009). Most countries also seem to agree that the main cause of the crisis was the credit boom and the increase in housing prices. As the 2007 was starting to loom over the global market, the US ratio of debt to national income went up by 100% or from 3.75-4.75 to one (Banking Law Committee, 2009). At about the same time, the house prices also increased at a rate of 11% per year. Since 2007, the global market has been hit with various developments which were rooted on the earlier issues on the unfavourable performance of sub-prime mortgages in the US (Banking Law Committee, 2009). The housing boom was followed by a bust which then caused defaults and collapse of mortgages thereby causing financial turmoil. Financial institutions have been met with losses which amounted to billions of dollars and are still continuing to do so (Banking Law Committee, 2009). ... The gravity and the volume of negative financial outcomes at that time, coupled with the impotency of the remedies being carried out also forced the authorities to consider the origins of the crisis and the market tools by which the crisis could be contained and managed. The causes of the financial crisis which started in 2007 shall be considered below. Mortgage lending was considered as one of the main causes of the 2007 financial crisis. Before the crisis, abundant credit, low interest rates, and increased housing prices, the lending conditions were so relaxed that people started to buy houses they could not afford (Murphy, 2008). As prices started to fall and loans were being called in, the shock spread throughout the entire system. The housing bubble also made the crisis worse and the Federal Reserve allowed housing prices to increase at sustainable and impractical rates. As the bubble burst, the crisis was triggered (Labonte, 2007). There was also a lack of transparency and acco untability in mortgage finance. There were numerous bad mortgages throughout the system as well as selling of bad securities. Lenders could sell mortgages to home owners and not feel any accountability for it; this pattern was also seen among brokers, realtors, and individuals in rating agencies as well as other market participants (Jickling, 2010). The crashing housing prices impacted on household wealth, including the spending and defaults on loans by lending institutions. Housing prices from 2000 to 2006 doubled and later subsequently collapsed. The housing bubble was caused by a long period of low interest rates offered by the Federal Reserve and these monetary policies were too permissive for too

The effectiveness of residential programs in treating addiction Research Paper

The effectiveness of residential programs in treating addiction - Research Paper Example This behavior is a result of the effects of prolonged exposure to drugs on brain functioning. Addiction has an effect on multiple circuits of the brain including those involved learning, memory, motivation, reward and those that control behavior (Doweiko, 2009). Treatment of addiction is not simple because addiction disrupts many aspects in the life of an individual. Effective addiction treatment programs incorporate a lot of components. Each component is directed to a particular aspect of the illness. Addiction treatment should be focused on helping an individual stop drug use, maintain a lifestyle that is drug-free, and attain productivity in the family, in society and at work. The fact that addiction is a disease means that people cannot stop using drugs at once and be cured. Many patients require long-term treatment and care to achieve sustained abstinence and recover from addiction. Clinical practice and scientific research have demonstrated the importance of continuous care in treatment of addiction. Residential treatment centers form the best line of defense against drug addiction and several other compulsive behaviors. Although there are various levels of care for treating addiction such as one-on-one therapy, day treatment, and outpatient treatment, residential treatment is considered to be the most effective approach to rehabilitation for health disorders that are behavior related. Â  Thousands of residential treatment centers are available for individuals undergoing addiction recovery. The centers are geared towards dealing with all types of compulsions and addictions so as to assist the millions of addicts get their lives back on track. Residential treatment programs are highly effective, especially for severe addiction problems. An example is the highly structured programs referred to as therapeutic communities where patients reside for 6 to 12 months (Doweiko, 2009). Therapeutic communities differ from other

International Business Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Risks - Essay Example Sales Convention and UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts are quite prominent. For the understanding of the international business the legal system of a country is essential, as the business practices of a certain county are being regulated by its laws. These business regulations set out the ways in which the business transactions are to be carried out and also define the liabilities and privileges to the parties involved in the transaction (contract). There are broadly four basic legal systems that are being practiced around the world. Firstly it is the Islamic Law, secondly the Common Law, thirdly the Civil or Coded Law, and lastly the Marxist Legal System. They are discussed as follows: The Islamic law is developed from the interpretation of the Holy Book Quran Majeed and the Hadith i.e. practices of the Prophet Mohammad P.B.U.P. The philosophy of law in Islamic community is greatly different from the one that is practices in the Western Countries. One the most important aspect of the Islamic law is the undesirability of payment or receipt of interest. This prohibition of interest had also largely influenced the business and banking practices, though, the sanctity of contracts, risk sharing, individual's rights and duties, and property rights are welcomed. Moreover, investments in casinos, gambling and alcohol are strictly prohibited. Due to the restrictions discussed above, ... Instead of money borrowing, businesses have evolved to rely on leasing arrangements for the acquisition of fixed assets. In case of banks largely in Iran and also Pakistan fixed service charges are being charged rather than the interest charge, while the depositors on the other hand are being provided with shares rather than interest payments. (Aswathappa, 2003) 2. Socialist Law This system of law has developed from the Marxist socialist system and is being practiced in the former communist countries in some or the other forms. A crucial is being played by ideology. In contrast to the civil law code those are being incorporated by governments of different point of views, the socialist codes are meant for the societal and personal transformation. This system is not a decided set of rules, but actually intends to attain a Communist society. China and Russia are the two countries which come to ones thought when talking of Communism. As there is no set of rules, both of the countries have adopted dissimilar paths for their respective economic and political development. 3. Common Law The fundamental principles of the Common law come from the English law. The common law has evolved over the years from the collective opinion of the judges and from decisions given in individual cases. A majority of commercial law such as contracts, agency and torts are construed from the principles that emerged from individual quarrels that were resolved in antagonist procedure. One of the key aspects of the common law is this that it is being maintained that similar decisions should be given out for similar cases. Due to this reliance on the decisions of the earlier cases enables the businessmen to shape

Effective Time Management for Success

Effective Time Management for Success Time management is a vital aspect for college success. By managing your time more efficiently you can become less stressed, finish projects and assignments on time, and put an end to procrastination. Time management is not just about rearranging your time, its about rearranging your entire thought process. The first step in effective time management is setting goals. Self-discipline is a valuable skill that helps you influence different aspects of your life whereas a lack of self-discipline keeps you from setting and achieving meaningful goals.(Newman, Floyd) When it comes to making goals there is a method that was created by George Doran, which was published in the November 1981 issue of the Management Review. This method is called the S.M.A.R.T method.(Scott, S.J.) This is an acronym that stands for: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound. Specific goals answer your six W questions: who, what, where, when, which and why. (Scott, S.J, (p. 12) When you can break down the long term goals into a subset of short term goals, youll be more able to identify exactly what steps you are going to need to take to reach your goal. Each short term goal should have a specific outcome. Once you have a specific outcome you are looking for, you need to ensure it is measurable. Measur able goals are goals with clear attainable outcomes. Both long term and short term goals should have some point of reference to see if you are making progress. This means that each goal should have a specific deadline that you are reaching for. The third step in the S.M.A.R.T model is making goals attainable. You should be able to achieve goals, but they should not be so easy that they are easily within reach. You should challenge yourself to reach goals. Make the goal seem a little out of reach, so even if you fail, you still have accomplished something significant. The fourth step is to make goals relevant. Make sure that goals are relevant to your life, that they are what you really want or need. If you have goals at school, your career, and your personal life, it is helpful to integrate them. By integrating goals into all aspects of your life, it gives you more drive to reach for them. It lets you know that each component of your life works together to help you succeed to the be st of your ability. [Goals should be] in harmony with everything that is important in your life, from success in your career to happiness with the people you love.(Scott, S.J., pp. 13-14, Kindle edition) The final step is time bound. Every goal should have a very clear time line. You can set this time line anyway you want, whether you want to be accomplished today, tomorrow, next week, or in a year from now. The key to creating any time line for goals is that you set the time and work backward, marking concise benchmarks along the way. This way you know when the goal needs to be complete, and where you should be in the process of success. Now that you know what your goals are, it is important to set priorities. Decide what is important and what is not. Make a list of these priorities and put them in order of what needs to be done first, second, third, and so on. One you understand what your priorities are, it is important to plan out a schedule for the whole semester as a whole. The second step in effective time management is scheduling. Making a schedule for the whole semester will help you understand where your priorities stand, and what should be worked on and when. Calenders are one tool that is imperative to the time management process. You should begin by looking at each class syllabus and block in all school and lab times. Secondly, you should block in all standing commitments such as work, church, meetings and so on. Next it is important to highlight all exams and project due dates. This will help you break down your academic routine for homework and study days. Look at your calendar and work backward from exams and papers. This will help you determine when to start working on your papers or study for exams. Beginning every week, you should spend roughly thirty minutes looking at your calendar and mapping out the week. Remember to ask yourself questions about the week. What are your expectations? What do you plan to accomplish during the week? What t asks are more important than others? What will you have to do to reach your goals? How much time will each activity take? When will I do each activity? Remember to keep goals realistic, theres only twenty-four hours in a day, and you need to rest some of that time. It is also thought that if you study at the same time each day, you condition your brain to know that it is study time, this makes studying a habit. It is also thought that dividing study time into fifty minute blocks, followed by a ten minute break, helps you retain information better, and sets you up for higher success. As part of the scheduling process it is important to revisit and revise your schedule. Take an inventory of how you are choosing to spend your time. Was there any time that was wasted? What did you accomplish? What didnt get done? What changes need to be made to your weekly schedule to help you succeed? Are you sticking to your plans and goals? Is procrastination an issue? These questions can aid you in understanding where your time is being spent, what changes do or do not need to be changed, and help you take an inventory of your self. Once you take an inventory of how your schedule is going, it will help you to be able to understand more of what you have to do to be successful in your goals. Procrastination is arguably productivitys number one enemy. (Newman, Floyd. Time Management: The Art Of Being Productive (Increase Productivity, Get Organized And Get Things Done) (Increase Productivity Reduce Stress Save Time Book 1) (Kindle Locations 219-220). Kindle Edition.) It is hard to fight procrastination because it is a mental battle that one must fight. You have to dedicate yourself to be on time and to stop doing what ever you are using as an excuse not to complete your work. One of the best tools you can use to help you conquer procrastination is to divide a big job into smaller parts. When you break them down to smaller chunks, you avoid being discouraged or the temptation to procrastinate. (Taylor, Dane. Time Management: The Ultimate Productivity Bundle Become Organized, Productive Get Clear Focus (Time Management Tips, Time Management Skills, Productivity Hacks) (Kindle Location 1203). UNKNOWN. Kindle Edition.) This makes the goal more attainable and helps you feel accomplished along the way. When you break them down to smaller chunks, you avoid being discouraged or the temptation to procrastinate.